11 research outputs found
Fractional transformation-based decentralized robust control of a coupled-tank system for industrial applications
Petrochemical and dairy industries, waste management, and paper manufacturing fall
under the category of process industries where flow and liquid control are essential. Even when
liquids are mixed or chemically treated in interconnected tanks, the fluid and flow should constantly
be observed and controlled, especially when dealing with nonlinearity and imperfect plant models.
In this study, we propose a nonlinear dynamic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) plant model.
This model is then transformed through linearization, a technique frequently utilized in the analysis
and modeling of fractional processes, and decoupling for decentralized fixed-structure H-infinity
robust control design. Simulation tests based on MATLAB and SIMULINK are subsequently executed.
Numerous assessments are conducted to evaluate tracking performance, external disturbance re jection, and plant parameter fluctuations to gauge the effectiveness of the proposed model. The
objective of this work is to provide a framework that anticipates potential outcomes, paving the way
for implementing a reliable controller synthesis for MIMO-connected tanks in real-world scenarios.This research was partially funded by FONDECYT grant number 1200525 (V.L.) from
the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) of the Chilean government under the
Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge, and Innovation; and by Portuguese funds through the
CMAT—Research Centre of Mathematics of University of Minho—within projects UIDB/00013/2020
and UIDP/00013/2020 (C.C.)
Experimental study on impact of high voltage power transmission lines on silicon photovoltaics using artificial neural network
The recent trend of renewable energy has positioned solar cells as an excellent choice for energy production in today’s world. However, the performance of silicon photovoltaic (PV) panels can be influenced by various environmental factors such as humidity, light, rusting, temperature fluctuations and rain, etc. This study aims to investigate the potential impact of high voltage power transmission lines (HVTL) on the performance of solar cells at different distances from two high voltage levels (220 and 500 KV). In fact, HVTLs generate electromagnetic (EM) waves which may affect the power production and photocurrent density of solar cells. To analyze this impact, a real-time experimental setup of PV panel is developed (using both monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar cells), located in the vicinity of 220 and 500 KV HVTLs. In order to conduct this study systematically, the impact of HVTL on solar panel is being measured by varying the distance between the HVTL and the solar panels. However, it is important to understand that the obtained experimental values alone are insufficient for comprehensive verification under various conditions. To address this limitation, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is employed to generate HVTL impact curves for PV panels (particularly of voltage and current values) which are impractical to obtain experimentally. The inclusion of ANN approach enhances the understanding of the HVTL impact on solar cell performance across a wide range of conditions. Overall, this work presents the impact study of HVTL on two different types of solar cells at different distances from HVTL for two HV levels (i.e., 220 and 500 KV) and the comparison study of HVTL impact on both monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar cells
An Efficient Fault Detection Method for Induction Motors Using Thermal Imaging and Machine Vision
Induction motors (IMs) are the backbone of industry, and play a vital role in daily life as well. However, induction motors face various faults during their operation, which may cause overheating, energy losses, and failure in the motors. Keeping in mind the severity of the issues associated with fault occurrence, this paper proposes a novel method of fault detection in induction motors by using “Machine Vision (MV)” along with “Infrared Thermography (IRT)”. It is worth mentioning that the timely prevention of faults in the IM ensures the motor’s safety from failures, and provides longer service life. In this work, a dataset of thermal images of an induction motor under different conditions (i.e., normal operation, overloaded, and fault) was developed using an infrared camera without disturbing the working condition of the motor. Then, the extracted thermal images were effectively used for the feature extraction and training by local octa pattern (LOP) and support-vector machine (SVM) classifiers, respectively. In order to enhance the quality of feature extraction from images, the LOP was implemented along with a genetic algorithm (GA). Finally, the proposed methodology was implemented and validated by detecting the faults introduced in an induction motor in real time. In addition to that, a comparative study of the suggested methodology with existing methods also verified the supremacy and effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison to the previous techniques
An Efficient Fault Detection Method for Induction Motors Using Thermal Imaging and Machine Vision
Induction motors (IMs) are the backbone of industry, and play a vital role in daily life as well. However, induction motors face various faults during their operation, which may cause overheating, energy losses, and failure in the motors. Keeping in mind the severity of the issues associated with fault occurrence, this paper proposes a novel method of fault detection in induction motors by using “Machine Vision (MV)” along with “Infrared Thermography (IRT)”. It is worth mentioning that the timely prevention of faults in the IM ensures the motor’s safety from failures, and provides longer service life. In this work, a dataset of thermal images of an induction motor under different conditions (i.e., normal operation, overloaded, and fault) was developed using an infrared camera without disturbing the working condition of the motor. Then, the extracted thermal images were effectively used for the feature extraction and training by local octa pattern (LOP) and support-vector machine (SVM) classifiers, respectively. In order to enhance the quality of feature extraction from images, the LOP was implemented along with a genetic algorithm (GA). Finally, the proposed methodology was implemented and validated by detecting the faults introduced in an induction motor in real time. In addition to that, a comparative study of the suggested methodology with existing methods also verified the supremacy and effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison to the previous techniques
Fabrication of CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/α‑Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Composite Thin Films on FTO Coated Glass and 3‑D Nanospike Structures for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Recently, photoelectrochemical conversion
(PEC) of water into fuel is attracting great attention of researchers
due to its outstanding benefits. Herein, a systematic study on PEC
of water using CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ α–Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite thin films is presented. CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ α–Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite
thin films were deposited on two different substrates; (1) planner
FTO glass and (2) 3-dimensional nanospike (NSP). The films on both
substrates were characterized and tested as anode material for photoelectrochemical
water splitting reaction. During PEC studies, it was observed that
the ratio between two components of composite is crucial and highest
PEC activity results were achieved by 1:1 component ratio (CF-1) of
CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and α–Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The CF-1 ratio sample deposited on planar FTO substrate
provided a photocurrent density of 1.22 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 1.23 <i>V</i><sub>RHE</sub> which is 1.9 times higher than bare α–Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> sample. A significant PEC activity outperformance
was observed when CF-1 ratio composite thin films were deposited on
3D NSP. The highest photocurrent density of 2.26 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 1.23 <i>V</i><sub>RHE</sub> was achieved for 3D NSP
sample which is around 3.6 times higher than photocurrent density
generated by α–Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin film
only. The higher photocurrent densities of 3D nanostructured devices
compared to planar one are attributed to the enhanced light trapping
and increased surface area for photoelectrochemical water oxidation
on the surface. The difference between valence and conduction bands
of CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and α–Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> allows better separation of photogenerated electrons
and holes at the CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/ α–Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> interface which makes it more active for photoelectrochemical
water splitting
Spray Pyrolysis Deposition of ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Composite Thin Films on Hierarchical 3‑D Nanospikes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Water
In this work, we study the role of
nanotextured ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>composite thin films fabricated
by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) on the photoelectrochemical water
oxidation reactions. The ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composites with different molar ratios are deposited
on three-dimensional nanospikes (NSP) substrate, and the results are
compared with those for planar devices. It is observed that optical
absorption and charge separation due to larger surface area is significantly
enhanced in nanotextured photoactive ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films. After characterization of ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite films
with different molar ratios (ZF1, ZF2, and ZF3), we find that the
nanotextured ZF1 composite with a molar ratio of 1:1 has the highest
activity with photocurrent density of 2.19 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> in photoelectrochemical
oxidation of water. This photocurrent density is 3.4 and 2.73 times
higher than the photocurrent density values of pure hematite on planar
fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass and the highest reported
value of ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite, respectively. In addition, the results of electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and photoluminescence (PL) tests indicate
lower charge transfer resistance and faster charge extraction for
the nanotextured ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite (ZF1). Overall, our new fabrication process for
the ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite
together with the effect of nanostructured substrate shows a better
charge separation and enhanced optical absorption, resulting in a
highly efficient photoelectrochemical water-splitting device
Nanotextured Spikes of α‑Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Composite for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Water
We demonstrate for
the first time the application of p-NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/n-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite thin
films as anode materials for light-assisted electrolysis of water.
The p-NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/n-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite
thin films were deposited on planar fluorinated tin oxide (FTO)-coated
glass as well as on 3D array of nanospike (NSP) substrates. The effect
of substrate (planar FTO and 3D-NSP) and percentage change of each
component (i.e., NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) of composite was studied on photoelectrochemical (PEC) water
oxidation reaction. This work also includes the performance comparison
of p-NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/n-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite
(planar and NSP) devices with pure hematite for PEC water oxidation.
Overall, the nanostructured p-NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/n-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> device with equal molar 1:1 ratio of NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was found to
be highly efficient for PEC water oxidation as compared with pure
hematite, 1:2 and 1:3 molar ratios of composite. The photocurrent
density of 1:1 composite thin film on planar substrate was equal to
1.07 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 1.23 V<sub>RHE</sub>, which was 1.7 times
higher current density as compared with pure hematite device (0.63
mA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 1.23 V<sub>RHE</sub>). The performance of p-NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/n-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composites in
PEC water oxidation was further enhanced by their deposition over
3D-NSP substrate. The highest photocurrent density of 2.1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 1.23 V<sub>RHE</sub> was obtained for the 1:1 molar ratio
p-NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/n-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite
on NSP (NF1-NSP), which was 3.3 times more photocurrent density than
pure hematite. The measured applied bias photon-to-current efficiency
(ABPE) value of NF1-NSP (0.206%) was found to be 1.87 times higher
than that of NF1-P (0.11%) and 4.7 times higher than that of pure
hematite deposited on FTO-coated glass (0.044%). The higher PEC water
oxidation activity of p-NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/n-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite thin film as compared with pure hematite
is attributed to the Z-path scheme and better separation of electrons
and holes. The increased surface area and greater light absorption
capabilities of 3D-NSP devices result in further improvement in catalytic
activities
All Inorganic Cesium Lead Iodide Perovskite Nanowires with Stabilized Cubic Phase at Room Temperature and Nanowire Array-Based Photodetectors
Alluring
optical and electronic properties have made organometallic
halide perovskites attractive candidates for optoelectronics. Among
all perovskite materials, inorganic CsPbX<sub>3</sub> (X is halide)
in black cubic phase has triggered enormous attention recently owing
to its comparable photovoltaic performance and high stability as compared
to organic and hybrid perovskites. However, cubic phase stabilization
at room temperature for CsPbI<sub>3</sub> still survives as a challenge.
Herein we report all inorganic three-dimensional vertical CsPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite nanowires (NWs) synthesized inside anodic alumina
membrane (AAM) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. It was discovered
that the as-grown NWs have stable cubic phase at room temperature.
This significant improvement on phase stability can be attributed
to the effective encapsulation of NWs by AAM and large specific area
of these NWs. To demonstrate device application of these NWs, photodetectors
based on these high density CsPbI<sub>3</sub> NWs were fabricated
demonstrating decent performance. Our discovery suggests a novel and
practical approach to stabilize the cubic phase of CsPbI<sub>3</sub> material, which will have broad applications for optoelectronics
in the visible wavelength range
Lead-Free Perovskite Nanowire Array Photodetectors with Drastically Improved Stability in Nanoengineering Templates
Organometal halide perovskite materials
have triggered enormous
attention for a wide range of high-performance optoelectronic devices.
However, their stability and toxicity are major bottleneck challenges
for practical applications. Substituting toxic heavy metal, that is,
lead (Pb), with other environmentally benign elements, for example,
tin (Sn), could be a potential solution to address the toxicity issue.
Nevertheless, even worse stability of Sn-based perovskite material
than Pb-based perovskite poses a great challenge for further device
fabrication. In this work, for the first time, three-dimensional CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>SnI<sub>3</sub> perovskite nanowire arrays were
fabricated in nanoengineering templates, which can address nanowire
integration and stability issues at the same time. Also, nanowire
photodetectors have been fabricated and characterized. Intriguingly,
it was discovered that as the nanowires are embedded in mechanically
and chemically robust templates, the material decay process has been
dramatically slowed down by up to 840 times, as compared with a planar
thin film. This significant improvement on stability can be attributed
to the effective blockage of diffusion of water and oxygen molecules
within the templates. These results clearly demonstrate a new and
alternative strategy to address the stability issue of perovskite
materials, which is the major roadblock for high-performance optoelectronics